This paper draws on findings of comparative international research on students’ poetic writing about the natural environment in the context of the classroom and a naturalistic setting. The study involved 97, nine- to 10-year-olds in four classes: two classes were in an English primary school with their counterparts in a Western Australian primary school. One class in each school had vicarious contact with nature as a stimulus for writing, using a previously taught technique for writing poetry; the other class in each school used the same technique but had direct contact with nature. The study has implications for students’ literacy development, creativity and agency and suggests that students’ poetic writing is enhanced through direct contact with nature. Teachers in both England and Australia, countries where ‘high stakes’ testing dominates the literacy curriculum, may find that standards of writing improve when students are given direct contact with natural spaces and are scaffolded to elicit their poetic voice.
Read the Research
References:
- ACARA . (2014). Australian curriculum F-10 . Retrieved 19 July, 2016 from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/ [Google Scholar]
- ACARA . (2016). v8.3, F-10 curriculum: Cross-curricular priorities . Retrieved 3 March, 2017 from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/crosscurriculumpriorities/sustainability/key-ideas [Google Scholar]
- Alexander, R. (2008). Towards a new primary curriculum: A report from the Cambridge Primary Review. Part 2: The future . Cambridge: University of Cambridge. [Google Scholar]
- Allison, P. , Carr, D. , & Meldrum, G. (2012). Potential for excellence: Interdisciplinary learning outdoors as a moral enterprise. The Curriculum Journal , 23 , 43–58.10.1080/09585176.2012.650469 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]
- Australian Institute of Family Studies . (2011). The longitudinal study of australian children annual statistical report 2010 . Retrieved 29 October, 2011 from http://www.aifs.gov.au/growingup/ [Google Scholar]
- Ballantyne, R. , & Packer, J. (2006). Promoting learning for sustainability: principals’ perceptions of the role of outdoor and environmental education centres. Australian Journal of Environmental Education , 21 , 89–100. [Google Scholar]
- Barrows, A. (1995). The ecospychology of child development. In T. Rozsak , M. E. Gomes , & A. D. Kannar (Eds.), Ecospychology: Restoring the earth; Healing the mind . New York, NY : Sierra Press. [Google Scholar]
- Beames, S. , Higgins, P. , & Nicol, R. (2012). Learning outside the classroom: Theory and guidelines for practice . New York, NY : Routledge. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Beard, C. , & Wilson, J. (2006). Experiential learning: A best practice handbook for trainers and educators . London: Kogan Page. [Google Scholar]
- Berman, M. G. , Jonides, J. , & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science , 19 , 1207–1212. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Bilton, H. , & Waters, J. (2017). Why take young children outside? A critical consideration of the professed aims for outdoor learning in the early years by teachers from England and Wales. Social Sciences , 6 (1). doi:10.3390/socsci6010001 [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Binns, H. J. , Forman, J. , Karr, C. J. , Osterhoudt, K. , Paulson, J. A. , & Roberts, J. R. (2009). The built environment: designing communities to promote physical activity in children. Pediatrics , 123 , 1591–1598. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Bowler, D. E. , Buyung-Ali, L. M. , Knight, T. M. , & Pullin, A. S. (2010). A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health , 10 : 456.doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-456 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Brockman, R. , Fox, K. R. , & Russell, J. (2011). What is the meaning and nature of active play for today’s children in the UK? International Journal of behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity , 8 , 1–7. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Burdette, H. L. , & Whitaker, R. C. (2005). Resurrecting free play in young children: Looking beyond fitness and fatness to attention, affiliation, and affect. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , January 2005 , 159 , 46–50 10.1001/archpedi.159.1.46 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Carson, V. , Kuhle, S. , Spence, J. C. and Veugelers, P. J. (2010). Parents’ perception of neighbourhood environment as a determinant of screen time, physical activity and active sport. Canadian Journal of Public Health , 5, 101), 124–127. [Google Scholar]
- Carter, R. (Ed.). (1998). Knowledge about language and the curriculum . London: Hodder and Stoughton. [Google Scholar]
- Chinna, N. (2015). Poepatetics: Walking and writing in the Anthropocene. WESTERLY , 60 (1), 50–61. [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Cleland, V. , Crawford, D. , Baur, L. A. , Hume, C. , Timperio, A. , & Salmon, J. (2008). A prospective examination of children’s time spent outdoors, objectively measured physical activity and overweight. International Journal of Obesity , 32 , 1685–1693.10.1038/ijo.2008.171 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Clineball, H. (1996). Ecotherapy: healing ourselves, healing the earth . Minneapolis, MN : Fortress Press. [Google Scholar]
- ClOtC . (2015). Centre for learning outside the classroom, Newsletter . Retrieved 16 May, 2017 from www.lotc.org.uk [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, L. , Manion, L. , & Morrison, K. (2009). Research methods in education (6th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Cox, B. (1989). English for ages 5–16 . London: Department for Education and Science. [Google Scholar]
- Cremin, T. (2010). Exploring poetry teachers: Teachers who read and readers who teach poetry. In M. Styles , L. Joy , & D. Whitley (Eds.), Poetry and childhood (pp. 219–225). Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham. [Google Scholar]
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston, MA : Pearson. [Google Scholar]
- Department for Education . (2014). The national curriculum in England framework document . Retrieved 9 March, 2017 from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/381344/Master_final_national_curriculum_28_Nov.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts . (2010). Sustainability curriculum framework: A guide for curriculum developers and policy makers . Retrieved 9 March, 2017 from http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/9b2e74ca-c909-4d57-bae3-c515c20957de/files/curriculum-framework.pdf [Google Scholar]
- DfES . (2005). Welcome to growing schools . Retrieved from http://www.teachernet.gov.uk/growingschools [Google Scholar]
- DfES . (2006). Manifesto for learning outside the classroom . Nottingham: DfES Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Dickson, R. (2002). Creating joy: Adolescents writing poetry with young children. Voices from the Middle , 10 , 38–42. Retrieved 9 June, 2016 from http://search.proquest.com.dbgw.lis.curtin.edu.au/docview/213934695?accountid=10382 [Google Scholar]
- Dillon, J. , Morris, M. , O’Donnell, L. , Reid, A. , Rickinson, M. , & Scott, W. (2005). Engaging and learning with the outdoors – The final report of the outdoor classroom in a rural context action research project . Slough: NFER. [Google Scholar]
- Eick, C. J. (2012). Use of the outdoor classroom and nature-study to support science and literacy learning: A narrative case study of a third grade classroom. Journal of Science Teacher Education , 23 , 789–803.10.1007/s10972-011-9236-1 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]
- Elkind, D. (2007). The power of play: How spontaneous, imaginative activities lead to happier, healthier children . Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. [Google Scholar]
- Fjortoft, I. (2004). Landscape as playscape: The effects of natural environments on children’s play and motor development. Children, Youth and Environments , 14 , 21–44. [Google Scholar]
- FSA . (2017). Forest School Association. Retrieved 16 May, 2017 from http://www.forestschoolassociation.org/ [Google Scholar]
- Gardner, H. (2011). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences . New York, NY : Basic books. [Google Scholar]
- Gardner, P. (2010). Creative English, creative curriculum . Abingdon: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Gardner, P. (2016). Creating a poem from nothing. In J. Aquilina (Ed.), Tadpoles in the Torrens: Teachers’ edition (p. 133). Adelaide: ALEA/Wakefield Press. [Google Scholar]
- Gibson, J. J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [Google Scholar]
- Gill, T. (2011). Free range kids: Why children need simple pleasures and everyday freedom. And what can we do about it . Cheltenham: Dairylea. Retrieved April, 25 16 from http://www.dairyleasimplefunreport.co.uk/pdf/Dairylea%20Simple%20Fun%20Report%20-%20FINAL.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Health Council of the Netherlands . (2004). Nature and health: The influence of nature on social, psychological and physical well-being: Part 1 of a two-part study; review of current level of knowledge . Retrieved 25 April, 2016 from https://www.gezondheidsraad.nl/sites/default/files/Nature_and_health.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Heerwagen, J. H. , & Orians, G. H. (2002). The ecological world of children. In P. H. Kahn & S. R. Kellert (Eds.), Children and nature: Psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations (pp. 29–62). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [Google Scholar]
- Kellert, S. R. (2002). Experiencing nature: Affective, cognitive, and evaluative development in children. In P. H. Kahn & S. R. Kellert (Eds.), Children and nature: Psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations (pp. 117–151). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [Google Scholar]
- Kellert, S. (2005). Building for life: Designing and understanding the human-nature connection . Washington, DC: Island Press. [Google Scholar]
- Krause, K. W. (2008). Mapping metaphor: This is your brain on figurative language. Humanist , 68 , 13. https://thehumanist.com/magazine/july-august-2008/features/mapping-metaphor-this-is-your-brain-on-figurative-language. [Google Scholar]
- Kytta, M. (2002). Affordances of children’s environments in the context of cities, small towns, suburbs and rural villages in Finland and Belarus. Journal of Environmental Psychology , 22 , 109–123.10.1006/jevp.2001.0249 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Kytta, M. (2004). The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology , 24 , 179–198.10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00073-2 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Kytta, M. (2006). Environmental child-friendliness in the light of the Bullerby model. In C. Spencer & M. Blades (Eds.), Children and their Environments: Learning using and designing spaces (pp. 141–156). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Lester, S. , & Russell, W. (2008). Play for a change: Play, policy and practice: A review of contemporary perspectives . London: Play England. [Google Scholar]
- Louv, R. (2005). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature deficit disorder . Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. [Google Scholar]
- Mackett, R. , Brown, B. , Gong, B. , Kitazawa, Y. , & Paskins, J. (2007). Children’s independent movement in the local environment. Built Environment , 33 , 454–468.10.2148/benv.33.4.454 [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Maller, C. (2005). Hands-on contact with nature in primary schools as a catalyst for developing a sense of community and cultivating mental health and wellbeing. Journal of the Victorian Association of Environmental Education , 28 , 16–21. [Google Scholar]
- Maudsley, M. (2007). Factsheet No.10 Children’s Play in Natural Environments . London: Children’s Play Information Service. [Google Scholar]
- Myhill, D. , & Wilson, A. (2013). Playing it safe: Teacher’s views of creativity in poetry writing. Thinking Skills and Creativity , 10 , 101–111 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Natural England . (2009). Report to natural England on childhood and nature: A survey on changing relationships with nature across generations . Retrieved fromwww.englandmarketing.co.uk [Google Scholar]
- O’Brien, L. , & Murray, R. (2007). Forest school and its impact on young children: Case studies in Britain. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening , 6 , 249–265.10.1016/j.ufug.2007.03.006 [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Ofsted . (2007). Poetry in schools – A survey of practice 2006/07 . Retrieved 15 July, 2016 from http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20141124154759/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/surveys-and-good-practice/p/Poetry%20in%20schools%20%28PDF%20format%29.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Ofsted . (2008). Learning outside the classroom: How far should you go? London: Ofsted. Retrieved 9 March, 2012 from http://www.lotc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Ofsted-Report-Oct-2008.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Ofsted . (2014). Improving teaching and learning using the outdoor environment . Retrieved 9 March, 2017 from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/improving-teaching-and-learning-using-the-outdoor-environment-in-west-sussex [Google Scholar]
- Pether, T. (2012). Leadership for embedding outdoor learning within the primary curriculum . National College for School Leadership. Retrieved 9 March, 2017 from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/340375/leadership-for-embedding-outdoor-learning-within-the-primary-curriculum.pdf [Google Scholar]
- Phenice, L. A. , & Giffore, R. J. (2003). Young children and the natural world. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood , 4 , 167–171.10.2304/ciec.2003.4.2.6 [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Punch, K. F. (2009). Introduction to research methods in education . London: SAGE. [Google Scholar]
- Rose, J. (2008). Independent review of the primary curriculum: Final report . Retrieved 8 October, 2012 from https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/AbouttheDepartment/Page3/DCSF-00499-2009 [Google Scholar]
- Rozsak, T. (1995). Where Psyche meets Gaia. In T. Rozsak , M. E. Gomes , & A. D. Kannar (Eds.), Ecospychology: Restoring the earth; Healing the mind (pp 1–17). New York, NY : Sierra Press. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, G. L. , DeBuse, C. J. , & Seger, C. A. (2007). Right hemisphere metaphor processing? Characterizing the lateralization of semantic processes. Brain and Language , 100 , 127–141.10.1016/j.bandl.2005.03.002 [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Slade, M. , Lowery, C. , & Bland, K. (2013). Evaluating the impact of forest schools: A collaboration between a university and a primary school. Support for Learning , 28 , 66–72.10.1111/sufl.2013.28.issue-2 [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Solnit, R. (2000). Wanderlust: A history of walking . New York, NY : Viking Penguin. [Google Scholar]
- Townsend, M. , & Weerasuriya, R. (2010). Beyond blue to green: The benefits of contact with nature for mental health and well-being . Melbourne, Australia: Beyond Blue Limited. [Google Scholar]
- Trent-Brown, S. A. , Vanderveen, J. D. , Cotter, R. , Hawkins, K. , Schab, A. , & Dykstra, S. (2011). Effects of a nature-based science enrichment program on preschool children’s health, activity preferences, self-efficacy and cognition . Technical Report. Outdoor Discovery Center Macatawa Greenway. [Google Scholar]
- Turtle, C. , Convery, I. , & Convery, K. (2015). Forest schools and environmental attitudes: A case study of children aged 8–11 years . Retrieved 15 May, 2016 from http://cogentoa.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2331186X.2015.1100103 [Google Scholar]
- Veitch, J. , Timperio, A. , Crawford, D. , Abbott, G. , Giles-Corti, B. , & Salmon, J. (2011). Is the neighbourhood environment associated with sedentary behaviour outside of school hours among children? Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 5 , 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Waite, S. (2009). Outdoor learning for children aged 2–11: Perceived barriers, potential solutions. Paper presented at ‘Outdoor education research and theory: critical reflections, new directions’, the Fourth International Outdoor Education Research Conference, La Trobe University, Beechworth, Victoria, Australia, 15–18 April, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Weaven, M. (2016). Bringing poetry to prominence. In J. Aquilina (Ed.), Tadpoles in the Torrens: Poems for young readers, teachers’ edition (pp. 144–155). Mile End, SA: Wakefield Press. [Google Scholar]
- Weaven, M. , & Clark, T. (2014). An undeclared schism: Higher and secondary learning about poetry. Journal of Language, Literature and Culture , 61 , 142–149. 10.1179/2051285614Z.00000000036 [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Wells, N. M. (2000). At home with nature: Effects of ‘greenness’ on children’s cognitive functioning. Environment and Behavior , 32 , 775–795.10.1177/00139160021972793 [Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]
- Wilson, C. (2011). Effective approaches to connect children with nature . Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation. [Google Scholar]
- Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia: The human bond with other species . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Wilson, R. (2007). Nature and young children: Encouraging creative play and learning in natural environments . Abingdon: Routledge. [Crossref], [Google Scholar]
- Zigler, E. , & Bishop-Josef, S. J. (2009). Play under siege: A historical perspective. Zero to Three , 30 , 4–11. [Google Scholar]